MacOS Big Sur supports most Mac models introduced in 2013 and later. View compatible Mac models. Before you upgrade, make a complete backup with Time Machine, or store your files in iCloud. Learn how to back up your Mac. Macintosh Kermit Macintoshes running Mac OS X have their own native Kermit program: C-Kermit 8.0 (or later). Don't bother with this page if you have Mac OS X. Macintosh Kermit 0.993(192), based on C-Kermit 6.0.192, circa 1996, is the last release of 'Macintosh Kermit', but it is not a real release.
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Frog is an integration of memory-based naturallanguage processing (NLP) modules developed for Dutch. All NLP modules arebased on Timbl, the Tilburg memory-based learning software package. Mostmodules were created in the 1990s at the ILK Research Group (TilburgUniversity, the Netherlands) and the CLiPS Research Centre (University ofAntwerp, Belgium). Over the years they have been integrated into a single textprocessing tool, which is currently maintained and developed by the Language Machines Research Group and the Centre for Language and Speech Technology at Radboud University Nijmegen. A dependency parser, a base phrase chunker, anda named-entity recognizer module were added more recently. Where possible, Frog makes use ofmulti-processor support to run subtasks in parallel.
Various (re)programming rounds have been made possible through funding byNWO, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, particularly underthe CGN project, the IMIX programme, the Implicit Linguistics project, theCLARIN-NL programme and the CLARIAH programme.
What does it do?
Frog's current version will tokenize, tag, lemmatize, and morphologically segment word tokens in Dutch text files, will assign a dependency graph to each sentence, will identify the base phrase chunks in the sentence, and will attempt to find and label all named entities.
Frog produces FoLiA XML, or tab-delimited column-formatted output, one line per token, that looks as follows:
The ten columns contain the following information:
- Token number (resets every sentence)
- Token
- Lemma (according to MBLEM)
- Morphological segmentation (according to MBMA)
- PoS tag (CGN tagset; according to MBT)
- Confidence in the POS tag, a number between 0 and 1, representing the probability mass assigned to the best guess tag in the tag distribution
- Named entity type, identifying person (PER), organization (ORG), location (LOC), product (PRO), event (EVE), and miscellaneous (MISC), using a BIO (or IOB2) encoding
- Base (non-embedded) phrase chunk in BIO encoding
- Token number of head word in dependency graph (according to CSI-DP)
- Type of dependency relation with head word
Documentation
The Frog manual is available here. It describes in detail how to install Frog, how to use it, as well as explains the underlying principles upon which Frog is built.
The API reference is available from here.
References
If you use Frog for your own work, please cite the following paper:
Van den Bosch, A., Busser, G.J., Daelemans, W., and Canisius, S. (2007).An efficient memory-based morphosyntactic tagger and parser for Dutch, In F. van Eynde, P. Dirix, I. Schuurman, and V. Vandeghinste (Eds.), Selected Papers of the 17th Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Meeting, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 99-114
Credits and Contact Information
Frog, formerly known as Tadpole and before that as MB-TALPA, was coded byBertjan Busser, Ko van der Sloot, Maarten van Gompel, and Peter Berck,subsuming code by Sander Canisius (constraint satisfaction inference-baseddependency parser), Antal van den Bosch (MBMA, MBLEM, tagger-lemmatizerintegration), Jakub Zavrel (MBT), and Maarten van Gompel (Ucto). In the contextof the CLARIN-NL infrastructure project TTNWW, Frederik Vaassen (CLiPS,Antwerp) created the base phrase chunking module, and Bart Desmet (LT3, Ghent)provided the data for the named-entity module.
Maarten van Gompel designed the FoLiA XML output format that Frog produces,and also wrote a Frog client in Python. Wouter van Atteveldt wrote a Frogclient in R.
The development of Frog relies on earlier work and ideas from Ko van derSloot (lead programmer of MBT and TiMBL and the TiMBL API), Walter Daelemans,Jakub Zavrel, Peter Berck, Gert Durieux, and Ton Weijters.
The development and improvement of Frog also relies on your bug reports,suggestions, and comments. Use the github issue trackeror mail lamasoftware (at) science.ru.nl.
Download & Installation
Frog is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the termsof the GNU General PublicLicense as published by the Free SoftwareFoundation.
To download and install Frog:
- First check if there are up-to-date packagesincluded in your distribution's package manager. There are packages forDebian,Ubuntu and ArchLinux.
- If not, we strongly recommend you use our LaMachine software distribution,which includes Frog and all necessary dependencies, and runs on Linux, BSD andMac OS X. It can also run as a virtual machine under any host OS.
- Alternatively, you can always download, compile and install Frog manually, as shown next.
Manual installation
Because of file sizes and to cleanly separate code from data, the data and configuration files for the modules of Frog have been packaged separately:
To compile these manually consult the included INSTALL documents, you will need current versions of the following dependencies of our software:
- ticcutils - A shared utility library
- libfolia - A library for the FoLiA format.
- ucto - A rule-based tokenizer
- timbl - The memory-based classifier engine
- timblserver - For server functionality around Timbl
- mbt - The memory-based tagger
- icu - A C++ library for Unicode and Globalization support. On Debian/Ubuntu systems, install the package libicu-dev.
- libxml2 - An XML library. On Debian/Ubuntu systems install the package libxml2-dev.
- A sane build environment with a C++ compiler (e.g. gcc or clang), autotools, libtool, pkg-config
As well as the following 3rd party dependencies:
Usage instructions: Making Frog leap
To let Frog leap, simply invoking frog without arguments will produce alist of available commandline options. Space broccoli mac os. Some main options are:
- frog -t [file] will run all modules on the text in [file].
- frog --testdir=[dir] will let Frog process all files in the directory [dir].
- frog -S [port] starts up a Frog server listening on port number [port].
- With --skip=[mptnc] you can tell Frog to skip tokenization (t), base phrase chunking (c), named-entity recognition (n), multi-word unit chunking for the parser (m), or parsing (p).
Frog can be used from Python through the python-frog binding, whichhas to be obtained separately unless you are using LaMachine. A python-frog exampleis shown below:
If you want to connect to the Frog server using Python, then you can use theFrog client included in PyNLPl(also included as part of LaMachine).
Wouter van Atteveldt has developed aFrog client for R, frogr. This package containsfunctions for connecting to a Frog server from R and creating a document-termmatrix from the resulting tokens. Since this yields a standard term-documentmatrix, it can be used with other R packages e.g. for corpus analysis or textclassification using RTextTools.
Machiel Molenaar developed a Frog client for Go, aptly named gorf.
Notice: we are in the process of writing a reference guide for Frog that explains all options in detail.
Memory and speed considerations
Without the dependency parser, Frog will process about 900 words per second,and consume 542 MB on a 64-bit Linux architecture. With the parser, Frog'sspeed reduces to about 200 words per second, taking just under 1200 MB ofmemory; you have been warned.
Look up Mac, mac, MAC, maç, or mac- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Mac or MAC most commonly refers to:
- Mac, Gaelic for 'son', a prefix to family names often appearing in Gaelic names
- Mackintosh, a raincoat made of rubberized cloth
- Macintosh, a brand of computers and operating systems made by Apple Inc.
Mac or MAC may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media[edit]
Fictional entities[edit]
- Mac (Green Wing), a television character
- Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia), a television character
- Mac Gargan, an enemy of Spider-Man
- Mac Foster, a character on Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
- Angus 'Mac' MacGyver, from the television series MacGyver
- Cindy 'Mac' Mackenzie, from the TV series Veronica Mars
- Lt. Col. Sarah MacKenzie, from the TV series JAG
- Dr. Terrence McAfferty, from Robert Muchamore's CHERUB and Henderson's Boys novel series
- 'Mac' McAnnally, in The Dresden Files series
- Randle McMurphy, in the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
- Mac Taylor, from the TV series CSI: NY
- Mac, a canine character in the television series Clifford the Big Red Dog
- Monster Attack Crew, a fictional pilot squadron in the television series Ultraman Leo
- MAC (Mysterious Alien Creature), the titular character in the 1988 film Mac and Me
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media[edit]
- Mac (film), 1992 directed by and starring John Turturro
- Mac (novel), by John MacLean
- Mac, a Sports Beanie Baby cardinal produced by Ty, Inc. in 1999
- MAC Awards, for achievements in cabaret, comedy, and jazz, administered by the Manhattan Association of Cabarets & Clubs
- Mac the Moose, a public statue in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada; formerly the World's Largest Moose
Business and economics[edit]
- Marginal Abatement Cost, a concept in environmental economics
- Material adverse change, a provision in mergers and acquisitions contracts and venture financing agreements
Organizations[edit]
Businesses[edit]
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- MAC Cosmetics, a cosmetics brand, stylized as M•A•C
- Mac Para Technology, a Czech aircraft manufacturer
- Macerich, an American real estate investment trust (NYSE stock symbol MAC)
- Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault, a French state arms manufacturer
- Martin's Air Charter, now Martinair, an airline
- Morgan Advanced Ceramics, a ceramics manufacturing company
Government and military agencies[edit]
- Mainland Affairs Council, an agency under the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China
- Medicare Administrative Contractor, a private company contracted to administer Medicare benefits in the U.S.
- Metropolitan Airports Commission, the operator of airports in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area
- Military Affairs Commission in China; see Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)
- Military Airlift Command, the predecessor of the Air Mobility Command of the United States Air Force
- Municipal Assistance Corporation, created by the State of New York in 1975 to deal with New York City's fiscal crisis
Non-profit organizations[edit]
- mac (Birmingham), formerly known as the Midlands Arts Centre, in Birmingham, UK
Political groups[edit]
- Mouvement d'Action Civique, a defunct Belgian far right group
- Mouvement Autonome Casamançais (Casamancian Autonomous Movement), a defunct political party in Casamance, Senegal
- Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru, a Welsh organization responsible for several bombing incidents
- Muslims Against Crusades, a UK-based Islamic group noted for burning poppies during the Remembrance Day silence in 2010
Schools[edit]
- Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Canada
- McMaster University, in Canada
- Michigan Agricultural College, former name of Michigan State University
Sports organizations[edit]
Clubs and teams[edit]
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- Maranhão Atlético Clube, a Brazilian association football club
- Marília Atlético Clube, a Brazilian association football club
- Missouri Athletic Club, a traditional gentlemen's and athletic club in downtown St. Louis, Missouri
- Multnomah Athletic Club, a private athletic club in Oregon
- mac (Birmingham), formerly known as the Midlands Arts Centre, in Birmingham, UK
Political groups[edit]
- Mouvement d'Action Civique, a defunct Belgian far right group
- Mouvement Autonome Casamançais (Casamancian Autonomous Movement), a defunct political party in Casamance, Senegal
- Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru, a Welsh organization responsible for several bombing incidents
- Muslims Against Crusades, a UK-based Islamic group noted for burning poppies during the Remembrance Day silence in 2010
Schools[edit]
- Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Canada
- McMaster University, in Canada
- Michigan Agricultural College, former name of Michigan State University
Sports organizations[edit]
Clubs and teams[edit]
Frog Mall Mac Os Catalina
- Maranhão Atlético Clube, a Brazilian association football club
- Marília Atlético Clube, a Brazilian association football club
- Missouri Athletic Club, a traditional gentlemen's and athletic club in downtown St. Louis, Missouri
- Multnomah Athletic Club, a private athletic club in Oregon
Conferences[edit]
- Macomb Area Conference, a Michigan high school football conference
- Mayflower Athletic Conference, a high school athletic conference in Massachusetts
- Mid-American Conference, an NCAA Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision) sports conference
- Mid-Atlantic Athletic Conference, a Washington, D.C., area high school athletic league
- Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference, an NCAA rifle-only conference
- Midwest Athletic Conference, an Ohio high school athletic conference in west-central Ohio
- Middle Atlantic Conferences, an umbrella organization for three NCAA Division III sports conferences
- Middle Atlantic Conference, one of the three conferences of the above, used to organize competition in some sports
- Mississippi Athletic Conference, a high school sports conference in the Iowa Quad Cities
- Mountain Athletic Conference (NCHSAA), a North Carolina high school athletic conference
- Mountain Athletic Conference (PIAA), a Pennsylvania high school athletic conference
People[edit]
Names[edit]
- Mac, Gaelic for 'son', a prefix to family names often appearing in Irish and Scottish names
- Mạc (surname), Anglicized surname or Mạc (Vietnamese surname)
- Mạc dynasty, 16th-century rulers in Vietnam
People with the nickname or professional name[edit]
- Mac (rapper), American rapper formerly signed to No Limit Records
- Mac, member and musician of So Solid Crew
- Mac Brandt, actor
- Mac Davis, singer and songwriter
- Mac Dre, American rapper
- Mac Jones, American football quarterback
- Mac King, American comedy magician
- Mac Mall, American rapper
- Mac Miller, American rapper
- Derek McCulloch, British radio broadcaster known as 'Uncle Mac'
- Ian McCulloch (singer), commonly referred to as 'Mac the Mouth' or just 'Mac'
- Stanley McMurtry, British cartoonist with the pen name 'Mac'
Places[edit]
Inhabited places[edit]
- Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, nicknamed 'Fort Mac'
- Macau, a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, ISO 3166 code MAC
- Macedonia (disambiguation), various places
Museums and arts centers[edit]
- mac (Birmingham), formerly known as the Midlands Arts Centre, in Birmingham, UK
- Metropolitan Arts Centre, Belfast, UK
- Archaeology Museum of Catalonia (Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya), an archaeology museum in Catalonia, Spain
- Niterói Contemporary Art Museum (Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Niterói), a museum in Niterói, Brazil
Other facilities[edit]
- Macomb (Amtrak station), Illinois, United States, Amtrak station code MAC
- UCLA Marina Aquatic Center, a recreational facility in Marina del Rey, California
Science and technology[edit]
Biology and medicine[edit]
- MAC (chemotherapy), a chemotherapy regimen of Mitoxantrone and Ara-C
- Maximum allowable concentration, a concept related to threshold limit value (TLV)
- Membrane attack complex, an immune system function using complement
- Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, a category of carbohydrates consumed by gut microbes
- Minimum alveolar concentration, a measure used to compare the strengths of anesthetic vapors
- Mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel, the cytochrome c release pore of apoptotic mitochondria
- Monitored anesthesia care, a form of anesthesia with partial awareness
- Mycobacterium avium complex, a group of environmental pathogens
Computing and telecommunication[edit]
- MAC address, or Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA), the OSI layer 2 address of network interfaces
- .mac, a file extension for macros in Agilent ChemStation software
- Macintosh, a brand of computers and computer operating systems made by Apple Inc.
- macOS, formerly Mac OS X and OS X, Apple's current operating system for the Macintosh
- Classic Mac OS, the original operating system for Apple's Macintosh
- .Mac, now iCloud, a subscription service by Apple
- MAC times, metadata which record times of events associated with a computer file
- Mandatory access control, a type of access control in computer security
- Maximum activate count, a parameter associated with the LPDDR4 memory's TRR feature that mitigates the row hammer effect
- Medium access control (often 'Media Access Control'), a sublayer of the Data Link layer
- Message authentication code, used to authenticate a message in cryptography
- Migration Authorisation Code, a unique code used when switching between DSL Internet service providers in the UK
- Multiplexed Analogue Components, a proposed satellite television transmission standard
- Multiply–accumulate operation, or multiplier–accumulator, in digital signal processing
Transportation[edit]
- Mean aerodynamic chord, a measure of the geometry of an airfoil
- Merchant aircraft carrier, used during World War II by Britain and the Netherlands
- Mid-air collision, a type of aircraft accident
Weapons[edit]
- Mac-10 (Military Armament Corporation Model 10, officially the M10), a compact, blowback-operated machine pistol
- Mac-11, a sub-compact version of the Model 10 machine pistol
Other uses in science and technology[edit]
- Mission assurance, an engineering process
- MAC (Money Access Card), an ATM (automated teller machine) card
Other uses[edit]
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- MAC Award, or Hermann Trophy, the highest award in American college soccer
- Mackintosh, a raincoat made of rubberized cloth
- Modern Army Combatives, a hand-to-hand combat training regimen
- Material adequacy condition, a concept in the philosophies of logic and language
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See also[edit]
- Macaroni and cheese, or 'mac and cheese' in American and Canadian English